Thermal energy agitates all matter, and its competition with ordering tendencies is a fundamental organizing principle in the physical world; this observation suggests that an effective temperature might emerge when external energy input enhances agitation. However, despite the repeated proposal of this concept based on kinetics for various nonequilibrium systems, the value of an effective temperature as a thermodynamic control parameter has been unclear. Here, we introduce a two-component system of driven Janus colloids, such that collisions induced by external energy sources agitate the system, and we demonstrate quantitative agreement with hallmarks of statistical thermodynamics for binary phase behavior: the archetypal phase diagram with equilibrium critical exponents, Gaussian displacement distributions, and even capillarity. The significance is to demonstrate a class of dynamical conditions under which thermodynamic analysis extends quantitatively to systems that are decidedly nonequilibrium except that the effective temperature differs from the physical temperature.
At the Institute for Basic Science Center for Soft and Living Matter, S.G. acknowledges support by the Institute for Basic Science, project code IBS-R020-D1. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award DE-FG02-07ER46471, through the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (to J.Y. and S.G.) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award Nos. DMR-1121262 and DMR-1610796 (to M.H. and E.L.). We acknowledge support from NSF CBET-0853737 for equipment and from the Quest high-performance computing facility at Northwestern University (to M.H. and E.L.). J.Y. holds a Career Award at the Scientific Interface from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.
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abstract = "Thermal energy agitates all matter, and its competition with ordering tendencies is a fundamental organizing principle in the physical world; this observation suggests that an effective temperature might emerge when external energy input enhances agitation. However, despite the repeated proposal of this concept based on kinetics for various nonequilibrium systems, the value of an effective temperature as a thermodynamic control parameter has been unclear. Here, we introduce a two-component system of driven Janus colloids, such that collisions induced by external energy sources agitate the system, and we demonstrate quantitative agreement with hallmarks of statistical thermodynamics for binary phase behavior: the archetypal phase diagram with equilibrium critical exponents, Gaussian displacement distributions, and even capillarity. The significance is to demonstrate a class of dynamical conditions under which thermodynamic analysis extends quantitatively to systems that are decidedly nonequilibrium except that the effective temperature differs from the physical temperature.",
keywords = "Active matter, Colloid, Nonequilibrium, Temperature, Thermodynamics", author = "Ming Han and Jing Yan and Steve Granick and Erik Luijten", note = "Publisher Copyright: 2017, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.", year = "2017", month = jul, doi = "10.1073/pnas.1706702114", language = "English (US)", volume = "114", pages = "7513--7518", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", issn = "0027-8424", publisher = "National Academy of Sciences", number = "29",Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
T1 - Effective temperature concept evaluated in an active colloid mixture
AU - Granick, Steve
AU - Luijten, Erik
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017, National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
N2 - Thermal energy agitates all matter, and its competition with ordering tendencies is a fundamental organizing principle in the physical world; this observation suggests that an effective temperature might emerge when external energy input enhances agitation. However, despite the repeated proposal of this concept based on kinetics for various nonequilibrium systems, the value of an effective temperature as a thermodynamic control parameter has been unclear. Here, we introduce a two-component system of driven Janus colloids, such that collisions induced by external energy sources agitate the system, and we demonstrate quantitative agreement with hallmarks of statistical thermodynamics for binary phase behavior: the archetypal phase diagram with equilibrium critical exponents, Gaussian displacement distributions, and even capillarity. The significance is to demonstrate a class of dynamical conditions under which thermodynamic analysis extends quantitatively to systems that are decidedly nonequilibrium except that the effective temperature differs from the physical temperature.
AB - Thermal energy agitates all matter, and its competition with ordering tendencies is a fundamental organizing principle in the physical world; this observation suggests that an effective temperature might emerge when external energy input enhances agitation. However, despite the repeated proposal of this concept based on kinetics for various nonequilibrium systems, the value of an effective temperature as a thermodynamic control parameter has been unclear. Here, we introduce a two-component system of driven Janus colloids, such that collisions induced by external energy sources agitate the system, and we demonstrate quantitative agreement with hallmarks of statistical thermodynamics for binary phase behavior: the archetypal phase diagram with equilibrium critical exponents, Gaussian displacement distributions, and even capillarity. The significance is to demonstrate a class of dynamical conditions under which thermodynamic analysis extends quantitatively to systems that are decidedly nonequilibrium except that the effective temperature differs from the physical temperature.